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How To Prevent Lung Cancer
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November Shines Light On Lung Cancer
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By Breanne Freeman Breanne Freeman Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, † , Jessica Mamallapalli Jessica Mamallapalli Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, † , Tengfei Bian Tengfei Bian Scilit Preprints.org Google Beigho1, Laryl View Publications. Kayleigh Ballas Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, Allison Lynch Allison Lynch Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, Alexander Scala Alexander Scala Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, Zhiguang Huo Zhiguang Huo Scilit Google Scholar Preprints. View Publications 2, Kristianna M. Fredenburg Kristianna M. Fredenburg Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 3, Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel Adriaan W. Bruijnzeel Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 4, Carolyn J. Baglole Carolyn J. Baglole Scilit Preprint . org. Publications 8 and Chengguo Xing Chengguo Xing Scilit Preprints.org Google Scholar View Publications 1, *
University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Center for Natural Product Drug Research and Development, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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University of Florida College of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
Received: April 21, 2023 / Revised: May 28, 2023 / Accepted: May 29, 2023 / Published: May 31, 2023
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality due to its high incidence, delayed diagnosis, and limited success of clinical treatment. Therefore, prevention is key to improving lung cancer care. Although tobacco control and smoking cessation are effective strategies for lung cancer prevention, the number of current and former smokers in the United States and worldwide is not expected to decline significantly in the foreseeable future. Chemoprevention and inhibition are necessary to reduce the risk of lung cancer or delay the development of lung cancer in high-risk individuals. This article reviews epidemiologic data, preclinical animal data, and limited clinical data that support the potential of kava to reduce lung cancer risk in humans through integrated polypharmacological effects. To facilitate future clinical applications, more in-depth knowledge about the development of non-invasive biomarkers based on their mode and mechanism of action, as well as their safety and efficacy in more clinically relevant animal models, is needed.
Lung cancer is the most frequently diagnosed non-cutaneous malignant tumor in both men and women worldwide, after prostate cancer and breast cancer [1, 2]. At the same time, lung cancer has remained the leading cause of cancer death for decades due to relatively late diagnosis, poor treatment outcomes and high prevalence. In 2020, there were approximately 2.2 million new cases of lung cancer and 1.8 million deaths worldwide. It accounts for approximately 11.4% of all diagnosed cancer cases and 18.0% of cancer deaths [1]. The average age of lung cancer patients at diagnosis is approximately 70 years. Five-year survival rates for lung cancer patients have increased over the past 40 years due to improvements in early diagnosis and new treatment options such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy. However, this percentage is still very low, barely exceeding 22% in the United States in 2022 [2].
Lung Cancer Trends Brief
Based on clinical histopathology, primary lung cancer is usually classified into two main types: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [3]. SCLC accounts for approximately 15% of lung cancer cases and more than 90% of patients are elderly and current or former smokers [4]. NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancers with three main subtypes: adenocarcinoma (ADC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and large cell carcinoma (LCC). The incidence rates of SCLC, ADC, SCC, and LCC were 6.0, 17.9, 13.3, and 3.1/100,000 person-years, respectively [ 5 ]. The median 5-year survival rates for patients with SCLC, ADC, SCC, and LCC were 7.2%, 26.2%, 21.3%, and 21.1%, respectively, in 2010 [5]. Therefore, SCLC has an exceptionally high mortality compared to NSCLC, with a median survival of 7–10 months [ 6 ]. Although the survival rate of NSCLC patients is better than that of SCLC patients, the 5-year survival rate is much lower than that of other common cancers such as prostate cancer and breast cancer [ 1 , 2 ].
Based on clinical stage, lung cancer can be divided into four categories: local cancer, regional cancer, distant metastatic cancer, and unstaged cancer. The mean proportions of localized, localized, distant, and unstaged lung cancer at diagnosis were 18.8%, 23.7%, 47.7%, and 10.0%, respectively. Therefore, the majority of lung cancers are diagnosed at a distant metastatic stage [5]. Patients with locally-staged lung cancer have the highest 5-year survival (50.3%), followed by locally-staged lung cancer (22.2%) and distant-staged lung cancer (2.9%) [5].
Lung cancer was a rare disease before the widespread use of tobacco products. Historically, the incidence of lung cancer in men has been higher than in women because men start smoking earlier and smoke more frequently [7]. Female patients with lung cancer have a higher 5-year survival rate than male patients, possibly due to lower exposure to tobacco products. In some countries, the incidence of lung cancer among men has shown a downward trend, but the incidence among women has shown an increasing trend in recent decades, probably due to general tobacco control. This may be due to progress, but it may also be due to increased tobacco use by women. [8]. Trends in lung cancer incidence between developed and developing countries also differ [9]. In developed countries, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer are generally decreasing, probably due to the decrease in the prevalence of smoking. In contrast, lung cancer incidence and mortality are increasing in developing countries, and this trend is likely to continue due to the endemic use of tobacco products in these countries. This change is particularly noticeable in Africa, where lung cancer has remained a rare disease even in recent decades due to limited tobacco use. Historical and epidemiological data provide compelling and clear evidence that tobacco control must be promoted and enforced worldwide to improve the treatment of lung cancer and many other health conditions.
As previously mentioned, patients with locally-stage lung cancer have the highest 5-year survival rate (50.3%), while patients with distant metastases have a 5-year survival rate of only 2.9% [7]. Therefore, early detection of lung cancer can significantly improve lung cancer management [10, 11]. Early detection can be accomplished through a variety of approaches, including diagnostic imaging in high-risk individuals. The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) showed a 20% reduction in mortality with low-dose CT (LDCT) screening [12]. However, there are concerns about the limitations of this radiological screening tool, including a high rate of false positives, potential for overdiagnosis, and adverse effects of radiation exposure [13]. Various biosources of liquid biopsies have also been investigated, including cell-free circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) [14], circulating tumor cells (CTC) [15], exosomes [16] and tumor-associated platelets (TEP) [17]. Stomach. Their potential role in the early diagnosis of lung cancer. So far, the ideal biosources and molecular biomarkers for clinical diagnosis of lung malignancies have not yet been defined [18].
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Because the success rate of early detection and clinical treatment of lung cancer is limited, risk reduction or prevention is of utmost importance in reducing the burden of lung cancer. Given that 80-90% of lung cancers are related to tobacco exposure, reducing exposure to tobacco is the most effective strategy to reduce lung cancer incidence and smoking. Stricter policies and regulations regarding production, sale, and use should be developed and implemented worldwide. Burden due to root cause. Smoking cessation should be significantly promoted and implemented more effectively [19]. These strategies should help alleviate many other health conditions as well
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